Catcher In The Rye :: essays research papers

The Catcher in the Rye can be firmly considered as probably the best novel ever and Holden Caufield separates himself as one of the best and most various characters. His ethical framework and his feeling of equity drive him to identify shocking defects in the general public in which he lives. Be that as it may, this isn't his guideline trouble. His rule trouble isn't that he is a dissident, or a defeatist, nor that he detests society, it is that he has had numerous encounters and he remembers everything. Salinger shows this through Holden's disarray of time all through the novel. Encounters at Whooten, Pency, and Elkton Hills consolidate and no degrees of time separate them. This causes Holden to end the novel missing everybody and each experience. He recollects all the great and terrible, until differentiations between the two vanish. Holden accepts all through the novel that specific things should remain the equivalent. Holden turns into a character depicted by Salinger that can't help contradicting things evolving. He needs to hold everything, in short he needs everything to consistently continue as before, and when changes happen; Holden responds. Anyway the most significant part of Holden Caufield's character can be credited to his judgment of individuals. Holden Caufield, a character who consistently makes a hasty judgment about individuals and their phoniness, can be named as a wolf in sheep's clothing since he embodies a fake himself. Holden Caufield the multi year old hero and principle character of The Catcher in the Rye portrays the story and clarifies all the occasions all through three powerful long stretches of his life. A private academy understudy who has quite recently been kicked out of his subsequent school, Holden battles to locate the correct way into adulthood. He doesn't have the foggiest idea what street to follow and he utilizes others as the substitute for his puzzlement throughout everyday life. Harold Bloom clarifies, His focal quandary is that he needs to hold a kid's honesty., but since of science he should move either into adulthood or franticness. As such a trade off Holden envisions himself as "the catcher in the rye," a defender of youth honesty excluded from development into adulthood, which is neither conceivable nor sane." (Bloom's Notes 22) Indeed, even Gerald Rosen states that, "It is imperative to note here that Holden's dismissal of a grown-up job isn't an instance of sharp grapes. He accepts he will succeed and it is the effective life he fears"(101).

Dmt Free Essays

It’s said to be the soul atom, for some it’s recorded on the D. E. A’s plan I list for illicit medications and for others it’s been utilized in customs all through our earth’s history. We will compose a custom exposition test on Dmt or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Why haven’t we been educated around one of the US’s most illicit substances? Wouldn’t it assist individuals with settling on the correct choices with regards to â€Å"experimenting† with life’s indecencies like the publics information on heroin, cocaine, LSD, etc? Where did DMT originate from and what is its motivation? In light of client accounts, FDA managed studies and narratives including indigenous people groups in South America a portion of these inquiries were replied with much all the more intriguing ones raised. Shamanic ceremonies all through the Amazon area required a unique elixir alluded to as ayhuasca, a mix between a DMT containing plant and a â€Å"monoamine oxide inhibitor† which is an extraordinary concoction that permits the DMT to maintain a strategic distance from absorption by the stomach and arrive at the circulation system. There is proof extending back to 2130 BC supporting the way that these customs have been passed down and received by individuals living today. A channel made out of panther bone of that timespan was found and tried positive for DMT. A case of vegetation containing this synthetic is unadulterated internal root bark of the Mimosa Hostilis plant, and it’s utilized for its DMT properties for a few reasons by Shaman; entering modified conditions of cognizance, shamanistic recuperating, reflection, profound investigation and mysterious knowledge. DMT represents Dimethyltryptamine. It is found in a great many plant animal categories over the world and in follow sums in warm blooded animals. It is a kind of tryptamine alongside other normal happening ones, for example, serotonin and melatonin. Its normal capacity in the human body is obscure, however it is created in out pineal organ and can be found in our spinal liquid, pee, and blood. Our cerebrum is one of the most intricate things in our universes known presence and generally it is profoundly precise when it discharges hormones and synthetic compounds. Studies performed by Dr. Rick Strassman at the University of New Mexico, where subjects were infused with dosages of DMT, show solid connection with other client records and meetings with shaman in brazil. The encounters are astoundingly comparable, the individual who infuses, smokes, grunts or eats DMT guarantee to experience outsider elements, or authentic figures. Smoking the substance has been resolved to cause the best impact, scenes enduring just from around 15-30 minutes. To the individual under the impact of DMT it feels significantly longer than that, guarantees that it goes on for a considerable length of time. One â€Å"toke† from a channel and very quickly you are launch into another measurement, domain, world or structure as portrayed by account holders. The most effective method to refer to Dmt, Essay models

Major Theories of Human Development Free Essays

1. Epigenetic hypothesis (Erikson) Erikson’s epigenetic hypothesis delineates character advancement as an entry through eight consecutive phases of conscience improvement from earliest stages through mature age. As indicated by Erikson, the creating individual must ace and resolve, somewhat, a center clash or emergency during each phase by incorporating individual needs and abilities with the social and social requests and desires for nature. We will compose a custom paper test on Significant Theories of Human Development or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Entry to each formative stage is subject to the goals of the center clash of ht going before stage. No center clash is totally aced, be that as it may (Mandleco 2004). 2. Psychoanalytic hypothesis (Freud) As indicated by Freud, human conduct is roused by psychodynamic powers inside an individual’s oblivious brain. Headed to act by these inside powers, people more than once connect with their outer condition. An individual’s character and psychosexual personality are created through the gathering of these interacational encounters. Character comprises of three segments: id, personality and superego. The id is characteristic, oblivious and driven by biologic impulses. The sense of self is a cognizant and reasonable staff. The superego is the disguise of the virtues gained from guardians and older folks (Madleco 2004). 3) Behaviorist hypothesis (Watson) Behaviorism battles that human conduct can be clarified as only a connection between a boost and a reaction, and educated conduct is only a molded response. Everything from discourse to enthusiastic reactions are essentially examples of improvement and reaction. Watson precluded totally the presence from claiming the psyche or awareness. Feelings are viewed basically as adapted substantial reactions to outside occasions. Believing is clarified just as talking unobtrusively. Watson accepted that human conduct ought to be concentrated in a way that permits the scientist to foresee and control those practices (Klein 1989). 4) Classical molding (Thorndike, Skinner) Expanding upon crafted by Thorndike, Skinner recognized two kinds of conduct. Respondent conduct depends on reflexes and doesn't require learning. For instance, on the off chance that one contacts a hot surface, one will rapidly evacuate one’s hand. Operant conduct, in any case, is found out, and is performed precipitously as opposed to as a programmed reaction to a circumstance. As indicated by Skinner most human conduct is operant. Though traditional molding relies upon creating relationship between occasions, operant molding includes gaining from results of our conduct (Klein 1989). 5) Social learning hypothesis (Bandura) In social learning hypothesis, essential center is given to learning encounters that happen through complementary social cooperations. Natural or situational determinants are significant, however cooperations are believed to be the course for disguise of social and nonsocial prompts for conduct. Bandura and associates explored the impacts of demonstrating and impersonation on the conduct of little youngsters. They hypothesized that displaying and impersonation are the essential collaboration forms through which social collections are gained. Social learning hypothesis accentuates the mingling impact of the family (Lerner 1996). 6)â Cognitive hypothesis (Piaget) As indicated by Piaget’s psychological hypothesis, children’s advancement is set apart by periods when they are especially touchy and receptive to outside impacts. Be that as it may, youngsters are not clear records on which educators make whatever they want. Kids, who have inalienable auras and propensities and are dependent upon their outer surroundings, create and develop mentally in a constant arrangement from birth through pre-adulthood and adulthood. To instruct adequately, instructors ought to know about the materials and approaches generally suitable for a child’s availability to learn (Sigelman Rider 2005). 7. Humanism (Maslow) The humanistic hypothesis focuses its consideration on the encountering individual, stresses on characteristics, for example, decision, innovativeness, valuation, and self-acknowledgment, with an extreme worry for esteeming of nobility and worth of a man, and an enthusiasm for the improvement of the potential innate in each individual. Maslow has alluded to his brain research as all encompassing, powerful brain science, and above all else it is known as self-completion brain research, which communicates that individuals have possibility which could become realities through the procedure of healthy development (Coon 2004). 8. Phases of good turn of events (Kohlberg) Kohlberg hypothesized that people will in general advancement through six phases of good turn of events. Individuals will in general settle on choices and decisions about good and bad for various reasons, contingent upon the phase of improvement they have accomplished. Kohlberg’s six phases of good advancement are: 1) Right is compliance to power and shirking of punishment.â 2)Right is assuming liability for oneself 3) Right is in effect acceptable in the feeling of having great thought processes 4) Right is keeping up the standards of a general public 5) Right depends on perceived individual rights inside a general public 6) Right is an expected commitment to standards applying to all mankind: equity, correspondence, and regard to human life (Lerner 1996). References: Coon, D. 2004. Prologue to Psychology : Gateways to Mind and Behavior. Belmont, CA : Thomson Wadsworth Klein, S. B. 1989. Contemporary Learning Theories: Instrumental Conditioning Theoryâ and the Impact of Biological Constraints on Learning. Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Lerner, R. M. 1996. Ideas and Theories of Human Development. Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Mandleco, B. L. 2004. Development Handbook: Newborn Through Pre-adult. Clifton Park, NY : Delmar Learning Sigelman, C. K. Rider E. A. 2005. Life expectancy Human Development.  Belmont, CA : Thomson Wadsworth The most effective method to refer to Major Theories of Human Development, Essay models

Fable Examples

Fable Examples Fable A fable is a short story that delivers a moral lesson. Typically, fables have characters that are animals. Writers use animals because readers will be more likely to see the moral lesson if the characters are not necessarily like them. The lesson is more clear when there are animals involved. Examples of Fable: The Tortoise and the Hare The tortoise and the hare have a race because the hare is bragging about how fast he is. Along the way, the hare is far enough ahead to take a nap, and the tortoise passes him, winning the race. Moral: Slow and steady wins the race. The Ant and The Grasshopper In the summer, the ant is busy working, storing food for the winter. The grasshopper does not work-only plays. He makes fun of the ant. When winter comes, the ant is prepared and the grasshopper is not. Moral: Be prepared for a "rainy" day. The Fox and The Crow The crow had a piece of cheese, and the fox wanted it. The fox began to give the crow compliments about her singing, asking her to sing. The crow was flattered and began to sing. The cheese fell and the fox took it. Moral: Don't believe a flatterer/Don't be a showoff. The Goose and the Golden Egg A farmer had a goose that laid golden eggs, so he sold them and became rich. But, the goose only laid one egg a day, and the farmer wanted more eggs. So, he killed the goose to get the eggs (which means that the goose laid no more eggs). Moral: Greediness is not good. King Midas and the Golden Touch King Midas wanted everything he touched to turn to gold. So, his wish was granted. Everything was great, until Midas touched his daughter, and she turned to gold. Moral: Be careful what you wish for.

A Study of the Life and Career of Lord Alfred Tennyson and...

A Study Of The Life And Career Of Lord Alfred Tennyson And Selected Criticism Of His Works Whether a person likes or dislikes the works of Lord Alfred Tennyson, most would agree that he was one of the most influential writers of his time period. Tennyson grew up in a wealthy family never wanting for anything. English author often regarded as the chief representative of the Victorian age in poetry. Tennyson succeeded Wordsworth as Poet Laureate in 1850; he was appointed by Queen Victoria and served 42 years. Tennysons works were melancholic, and reflected the moral and intellectual values of his time, which made them especially vulnerable for later critic. Alfred, Lord Tennyson was born in Somersby, Lincolnshire. His father, George†¦show more content†¦In the poem Enoch Arden, Philip Ray and Annie Lee grow up together. Enoch wins her hand. He sails abroad and is shipwrecked for 10 years on a deserted island. Meanwhile Annie has been reduced to poverty. Philip asks her to marry him. Enoch returns and witnesses their happiness, but hides that he is alive and sacrifices his happiness for theirs. An Enoch Arden has come to mean a person who truly loves someone better than himself. The poem ends banally: So past the strong heoic soul away. / And when they buried him, the little port / Had seldom seen a costlier funeral. IDYLLS OF THE KING (1859-1885) dealt with the Arthurian theme, and THE ANCIENT SAGE (1885) and AKBARS DREAM (1892) testified his faith in the redemption offered by love. Despite his pessimism about the human condition, the poet believed in God. In the 1870s Tennyson wrote several plays, among them poetic dramas QUEEN MARY (1875) and HAROLD (1876). In 1884 he was created a baron. Tennyson died at Aldwort on October 6, 1892 and was buried in the Poets Corner in Westminster Abbey. Soon he became the favorite target of attacks of many English and American poets who saw him as a representative of narrow patriotism and sentimentality. Later critics have praised again Tennyson. T.S. Eliot has called him the great master of metric as well as of melancholia and that he possessed the finest ear of any English poet since Milton. 1

Brutus Was Recognized as Hero in Shakespeares Julius...

â€Å"A hero is an ordinary individual who finds the strength to preserver and endure in spite of overwhelming obstacles† (Christopher Reeve). Julius Caesar is a tragedy about a ruler that is murdered by a group of angry conspirators that go into a civil war against Caesar’s right hand man. By portraying the qualities of honorable Brutus, William Shakespeare, in his tragedy Julius Caesar, proves that anyone with good intentions, nobility, and the ability to recognize flaws can be a true hero. People constantly say that it is the thought that counts and that the intentions of the heart mean more than the actions. Brutus was doing everything for the people of Rome. With every move he took, he thought about how it would influence the Roman†¦show more content†¦Numerous heroes have the superior intention to sacrifice something. That sacrifice varies from themselves, a person, a belonging, etc. In the movie â€Å"Independence Day†, the main character sacrific es himself to save the world. Likewise, Brutus’s actions are comparable to this. Brutus’s good intentions and thoughts reveal him as a true hero. He put into account what he did for others, which is a very noble thing to do. Clearly, then, true heroes do the noblest things. They do not do something for an evil motivation, but for the honor of doing something good. Moreover, heroes incite people to do well. When the civil war was over and Brutus killed himself, Antony tells the others standing around him, â€Å"This was the noblest Roman of them all. / All the conspirators save only he / Did that they did in envy of great Caesar; / He, only in a general honest thought / And common good to all, made one of them† (V.v.74-81). Antony is saying that while the other conspirators only killed Caesar because they were jealous of him, Brutus did it for the good of people. Antony states that Brutus is the noblest of them all. Throughout his entire life, Brutus strived to b e noble and honorable. He believed that doing something for reasons other than these was a dreadfully egocentric thing to do. When talking to Cassius regarding the conspiracy, he pronounces, â€Å"For let the gods so speed me as I love / The name of honor more that I fear death†Show MoreRelatedShakespearean Comedy Vs. Tragedy1777 Words   |  8 PagesTragedy Some people tend to think that William Shakespeare was some famous writer that was only capable of spitting out sad love stories. This is widely disproved through the reading of multiple Shakespearean works. During his life, Shakespeare used a plethora of writing formulas and plot outlines to produce many works of literature of many genres, such as A Midsummer Night’s Dream, a popular comedy, and The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, one of his most famous tragedies, as opposed to just creatingRead More Analysis of Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra Essay5083 Words   |  21 PagesAnalysis of Shakespeares Antony and Cleopatra The most influential writer in all of English literature, William Shakespeare was born in 1564 to a successful middle-class glove maker in Stratford-upon-Avon, England. Shakespeare attended grammar school, but his formal education proceeded no further. In 1582 he married an older woman, Anne Hathaway, and had three children with her. Around 1590 he left his family behind and traveled to London to work as an actor and playwright. Public and criticalRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 PagesExternal conflict may reflect a basic opposition between man and nature (such as in Jack London’s famous short story â€Å"To Build a Fire† or Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea†) or between man and society (as in Richard Wright’s â€Å"The Man Who Was Almost a Man†). It may also take the form of an opposition between man and man (between the protagonist and a human adversary, the antagonist), as, for example , in most detective fiction. Internal conflict, on the other hand, is confined to the protagonist

Danone in India free essay sample

India is today a huge part in the work of internationalization of the French group Danone. This subsidiary was established in two steps. Danone first established in 1989 a merger with an Indian group called Britannia, they were just participative. Then in 1993, they took the control of Britannia so it became a Danone subsidiary. At this time, it was said that this buying had required an investment of RS 150 cores. Danone becomes after this merger the number one in biscuit and water on the Indian market thanks to three principal brands: Aqua, Britannia and Tiger. The fact that these three brands were already well known and appreciate by the Indian consumers permit to Danone to win market parts very quickly. The macro environmental environment The Republic of India is a country that occupies the greater part of the Indian subcontinent. It has a coastline of over seven thousand kilometers (4349 miles). India is the seventh-largest country by geographical area and has one of the most diverse populations of wildlife, geographical terrain and climate systems. Indeed it is the second most populous country in the world with nearly 1. 1 billion people in 2005. It also is the worlds largest liberal democracy. India has 28 states and 7 territories, and recognizes 22 official languages spoken across its diverse regions. After decades of intensive efforts to combat the widespread poverty, illiteracy and poor living conditions across the country, Indias economy is today the fourth-largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP) and the tenth-largest in nominal terms. Once reliant heavily on agriculture, Indias economy is one of the fastest-growing in the world, and the nation is familiar with modern businesses and high-technology industries. External analysis: PEST analysis Indian market is today still very difficult to penetrate and particularly for western firms. But the strategy of Danone which consists to penetrate the market thanks to mergers or buy- out allowed a more secure and efficient penetration. Danone is today the leader in biscuit and water thanks to the name of its three brands which were already established in India. So today the results in India are very good: India represents 20 % of the revenue of the Asian pacific area. Political analysis (see map p. 7) Population: 1. 1 billion Capital: New Delhi GNP: 620 $ per capita India has been a democracy since independence. The prime minister is the head of the government. The president is the head of the state. India has to major political parties which are the Bharatiya Janat Party and the Congress. It is today the National Congress party which is on the head of the state, the BJP lost power in 1999. Since independence, India has maintained cordial relationships with most nations. During the Cold War , India tried to maintain its neutrality and was one of the founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement Recent overtures by the Indian government have strengthened relations with United States, China and Pakistan. In the economic sphere, India has close relationships with other developing nations of South America, Asia and Africa, especially Brazil and Mexico. In recent years, India has played an influential role in the ASEAN, SAARC and the WTO, and it is a signatory to the landmark South Asia Free Trade Agreement. India has been a long time supporter of the United Nations, with over 55,000 Indian military and police personnel. Economical analysis The economy of India is the fourth largest in the world as measured by purchasing power parity (PPP), with a GDP of US $3. 63 trillion. India was he second fastest growing major economy in the world, with a GDP growth rate of 8. 1% at the end of the first quarter of 2005–2006. The countrys economy is diverse and contains agriculture, handicrafts, industries and a lot of services. Services are the major source of economic growth in India today, though two-thirds of the Indian workers work directly or indirectly through agriculture. In recent ti mes, India has educated people who are fluent in English to become an important location for global companies outsourcing customer service and technical support call centers. It is also a major exporter of skilled workers in software services, financial services, and software engineering. India has adhered to a socialist-inspired approach for most of its independent history, with strict government control over private sector participation, foreign trade, and foreign direct investment. Since the early 1990s, India has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment. Privatization of public-owned industries and opening up of certain sectors to private and foreign players has proceeded slowly amid political debate. The socio-economic problems India faces are a burgeoning population and lack of infrastructure, as well as growing inequality and unemployment. Poverty also remains a problem although it has seen a decrease of 10% since the 1980s. Economy of India Currency 1 Indian Rupee = 0. 02283 US dollar = 0. 01897 Euro Central bank Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Trade organisations and treaties SAFTA, ASEAN, WIPO and WTO Union budget $67. 3 billion (revenue) $104 billion (expenditure) Inflation rate (monthly)3. 53% (September Social analysis Geography India is the 7th biggest country in the world with a total of 3,287,590 km. Indias geography ranges from mountain ranges to deserts, plains, hills and plateaus, while its climate varies from tropical in the south to a more temperate climate in the north. Biggest cities are Bombay Calcutta, New Dehli, Madras, and Bangalore. Only 29% of the population lives in cities. People are concentrated all in the North and the South of the country. Indias total cultivable area is 1,269,219 km? (56. 78% of total land area), which is decreasing due to constant pressure from an ever growing population and increased urbanisation. Indias inland water resources comprising rivers, canals, ponds and lakes and marine resources comprising the east and west coasts of the Indian ocean and other gulfs and bays provide employment to nearly 6 million people in the fisheries sector. India is the sixth largest producer of fish in the world and second largest in inland fish production. Indias oil reserves, found in Bombay High off the coast of Maharashtra, Gujarat, and in eastern Assam meet 25% of the countrys demand. Population ( see map p. 7) India is the second-most populous country in the world with an estimated 1. 9 billion people in 2006. Almost 70% of its population resides in rural areas. Indias largest urban agglomerations are Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai and Bangalore. Efforts to eradicate illiteracy have little success since Indias independence with only 65. 1% of its population able to read or write. Although 80. 5% of the people are Hindus, India is also home to the third-largest Muslim population in the wo rld (13. 4%). Other religious groups include Christians (2. 3%), Sikhs (1. 84%), Buddhists (0. 76%), Jains (0. 40%), Jews, Zoroastrians and Bahais. 5] The number of mother tongues in India is estimated to be as high as 1,652. [6] Most of these languages are derived from two major linguistic families: Indo-Aryan (spoken by about 74% of the population) and Dravidian (spoken by about 24%). Hindi is Indias national language though English is used by the government for official purposes, and in higher education. An additional 21 languages are also given official status. 29% of the population lives below the poverty line. 86% of the population lives under $2 per day, 44% under $1 and 25% does not have enough money to eat normally. These conditions involve the drift away from the land. Religion Religious practices of various faiths are an integral part of everyday life in society. Education is highly regarded by members of every socio-economic stratum. Traditional Indian family values are highly respected, and considered sacred. Religion in India is a very public affair, with many practices imbued with pomp and vitality accompanying their underlying spiritual qualities. Technological analysis Transportation (see map p. 8) Transportation in India is a large and varied sector of the economy. Both rail and road transports remain important. Railways are the principal mode of transportation for both freight and passengers. The government is working on improving the transportation system because the demand is today very important. Only 63% of road are paved which slow down the communication between the different areas. There are 400 airports in India and international ports such as Chennai, Haildia, Calcutta†¦ Although there is a large private-sector involvement in transportation in India, the government plays a large regulatory and developmental role. The central government has ministries to handle civil aviation, railroads, and surface transportation. The sector must also adjust to foreign trade expansion, demographic pressures and increasing urbanization, technological change and obsolescence, energy availability, and environmental and public safety concerns. Energy India being one of the fastest growing economies in the world has a fast growing energy demand fueled by an ever increasing rate of industrialisation and urbanisation. Indias enormous potential for energy production and consumption has enhanced investment prospects in this field. Opportunities have widened rapidly with the opening up of this area to power developers globally. On the other hand there are related apprehensions being voiced by several NGOs relating to the inevitable increase of environmental problems including population displacements. Future expansion in energy sector would depend on the emergence of appropriate capital markets. This is true for new production capacity, both conventional and renewable, as well as measures directed at improving energy efficiency in various user sections and in the energy sector itself. India is still in the process of evolving a sustainable and equitable energy policy for itself. Political map of India: Population density map: National Highway network: Danone India Pvt Limited Formed in 1966 the Danone group has moved from the glass industry to the food industry, from the Lyon region to all five continents. At first French, then European, the Danone Group is now a household name worldwide in dairy products, cookies bottled water. The Group has more than 100 subsidiaries and brands worldwide. The company is ranked number one in the world in fresh dairy products and biscuits. The group ranks second worldwide in the production of bottled waters. It also manufactures other types of food product such as yogurt, fresh cheese and dairy desserts. In India, the Danone Group first had a 22% parts in Britannia Industries. Britannia was the market leader in the organized biscuit market in India. Britannias product portfolio consists of Bread, Biscuits, Milk Products like butter, cheese, milk-based drink and dairy whitener. Danone has nevertheless chosen to keep the name of Britannia in India in order to be the more integrated as they can. So the figures and the rest of the expose will mention the name of Britannia. Britannia is the market leader in the organized biscuit and bakery product market in India. Biscuits contribute to more than 80% of Britannias total turnover. Other products include bread and cakes. Britannia diversified into dairy products in 1997 with processed cheese and dairy whitener. The portfolio was expanded with the launch of butter, pure, flavoured milk and UHT milk. In the biscuit market, manufacturing was reserved for small scale up to 1997, which put large players at a disadvantage. In the organized sector, Britannia and Parle are the only national players with dominant market shares. Britannia has maintained market leadership with a 40% volume share and 48% value market share in the organized sector. Britannia has been aggressive in new launches and marketing during the last 2 years anticipating the competition. It has also recently acquired Kwality Biscuits, gaining a strong foothold in the southern market. Bread is one of the most widely consumed processed foods in the country. The industry is dominated by a large number of players in the unorganized sector, which accounts for over 80% of the market. India has emerged as the largest milk producing country in the world manufacturing. Britannia’s dairy business has been growing at a fast pace on the low base. Volume growth was 50% and value growth was 47%. Market entry Danone has progressively entered the Indian food market. So in 1989 Danone established a venture with the Indian firm Britannia. This strategy of penetration takes an important place in the Danone’s international strategy. This strategy first permit to the group to enter the market easily even if the market is very competitive. Thanks to the firm it mergered, Danone can win very easily the market shares which belongs to the former firm. In India Danone, thanks to Britannia, won in 1993 when the group finally re buys Britannia the market share it had won. Danone has chosen to keep the name of the brand Britannia because this brand is well known in India. A change could have been a lost of all the market shares Britannia won several years ago. Finally in 2005, Danone and Japan’s Yakult Honsha Co. nnounced plans for a joint venture in India. Held equally by the two partners, the new company, to be called Yakult Danone India Private Limited, will be developing the Indian market for probiotics. India has enormous potential, with a fast-growing population of one billion and a long tradition in dairy products. Yakult Danone India has initially market Yakult brand products, beginning at the end of 2005, and Danone probiotics products and brands have been added late. Production For products, Danone is developing the products exclusively for Indian market in an R and D centre located in India. More precisely they use the centres of Britannia. Danone through Britannia but also Tiger (biscuit) and Aqua (water) is today the leader on the water and biscuit market. The water sells under the Aqua Brand is import from Europe. But because of the good development of agriculture in India the biscuit are made in India. The production of the biscuit in India permits to make more profits first because costs are lower in India than in Europe for example and then because it avoids all the transportation problems. Indeed the legislation concerning food is very strict all around the world. The challenge of Danone in India is not to stay at the level Britannia has reach since its creation but to become more and more innovative in doing a lot of market research for Indian consumers. For production process Danone is trying to localise. Britannias plants are located in the 4 major metro cities: Kolkatta, Mumbai, Delhi and Chennai. A large part of products are also outsourced from third party producers. Dairy products are out sourced from three producers Dynamix Dairy based in Baramati, Maharashtra, Modern Dairy at Karnal in Haryana) and Thacker Dairy Products at Howrah in West Bengal. So because it exists taxes between the different provinces in India, Danone is reducing tax expenses. Local empowerment The local management of Britannia has a lot of autonomy and independence. Danone’s European managers are only called when there is a problem, they are not living in India, just travelling. Britannias managers are constantly on the move, given this breadth and depth of its business and the geographic spread. The biggest challenge that the company faces then is of regulating and managing travel arrangements. This autonomy has made the employees more motivated. Danone continues to upgrade the information technology systems to support the growth in operations and growing needs of the changing market place. They are putting in place comprehensive Enterprise Resource Planning system to cover all facets of the operations. Distribution Britannia as said before is located in four cities in India. Each branch is independent and has its own system of accounting, marketing†¦ Like a lot of food products Britannia’s products are soled in big outlets such as supermarkets, hypermarkets†¦Danone had the will when owning Britannia not to change the distribution system in order not to loose the costumers. Promotion Promotion is a key element in the strategy of Danone in India. Next year, Britannia and Walt Disney joined in order to propose a contest for all the Indian children. Britannia Industries obtains good results from its joint initiative seen in the Jetix ‘Power Your Rangers’ contest. The company stated in an official communique that the contest had drawn participation in excess of 5. 23 million kids across India and Britannia had recorded a 49 per cent increase in sales of its brand, Britannia Treat. Richa Arora, General Manager-Head marketing and Innovation, Britannia Industries Ltd, said, â€Å"The bottom line on the promotion is that it increased sales by 49 per cent. What’s equally important is that the promotion worked well as a package – from very innovative premia to the actual contest to the on ground activation. † Also, a TV show, Power Your Rangers, was recreated as a mobile game for cell phone users. The mobile game was available to 16 million India Mobile subscribers. Britannia also reached out to over 1. 5 million kids in Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore through mobile van and school activities,† the communique added. So the director of communication of Briatannia has developed a communication strategy that can be explain like this: He believed that the sponsorship message would have to be concentrated by packaging multi-dimensional interactive rights. The association between the sponsor and the event had to be for a long duration. Media and rights owners needed to act more collectively, not in isolation.